Saturday, August 31, 2019

Bio Lab Report

Ye Tao BISC220-13155 The Effect of Temperature on the Digestion of Starch by Activity of Enzyme ? -Amylase: Observation of Rate of Starch Disappearance through Iodine Test Introduction An enzyme is a type of protein that, through its own structure including hydrogen bonds, acts like a biological catalyst and is able to accelerate the biochemical reaction rate by lowering the activation energy of the whole process, without which cells could hardly practice any physiological functions within human bodies (Sizer, 1943).Found in the saliva and pancreatic secretions of animals including human beings as well as the plant seeds, bacteria and fungi (Siddiqui et al. , 2010), the enzyme ? -amylase that was studied during the experiment has significant impact on the hydrolysis of starch. By breaking the alpha, 1-4 glycosidic linkages in the carbohydrates, amylase hydrolyzes the starch, a polysaccharides that is stored in plants and cannot be directly digested by animal cells, into maltose, a di saccharide that later generate two units of glucose to undergo metabolisms and provides necessary energy (Slaughter et al. , 2001). The enzymatic activity of ? amylase is facilitated by calcium and chloride ions during the hydrolysis (Marini, 2006 and Siddiqui et al. , 2010). The complete digestion of starch and formation of maltose and glucose can be examined through the iodine test when I2KI reagent is added into the solution and remains brown instead of turning into dark blue, marking that all the molecules of starch have been fully hydrolyzed (Hanes, 1932). While amylase effectively activates the hydrolysis of starch, the efficiency of the catalytic process is influenced by several factors including temperature, pH level and the concentration of the substrates etc.In this experiment, as the ? -amylase is a type of protein, the efficiency of enzyme is highly related to its hydrogen bonds which are affected by the temperature. Though the enzyme is collected from the porcine pancre as, due to its structural similarities to amylase in human bodies, the behaviors of two amylases should resemble each other. Given that under extreme temperature enzymes will be denatured and unable to function and the constant temperature of pigs is around 39 °C, the hypothesis of this experiment is that at 37 °C amylase will catalyze the hydrolysis with the highest speed, followed by amylase at 22 °C.Amylase at 0 °C will react extremely slowly due to the crystallization of hydrogen bonds and at100 °C, amylase will lose its function since it will be denatured. Materials and Methods Four test tubes were marked from A1 to A4. Then, 2mL of 1% starch solution from Carolina Biological Supply Company, 4mL of deionized water and 1mL of 6. 8 hydrion buffer from VWR International/ Micro Essential Laboratories were added into each tube. Another four test tubes were also labeled from B1 to B4 and added 1mL of 1% ? -amylase from porcine pancreas from Sigma Aldrich. Eight tubes were p aired according to the same number (A1and B1 etc. and assigned to environments at different temperature: Tube A1 and B1 were placed into a water bath at 100 °C; Tube A2 and B2 were placed into a water bath at 37 °C; Tube A3 and B3were placed on the tube rack (at about 22 °C); Tube A4 and B4 were placed into an ice bath at 0 °C. All test tubes were kept at different temperatures for 10 minutes. Meanwhile, a control group of starch solution was prepared without amylase. (Bio Lab Manual, 2013) At the same time, a test plate was added 2 drops of I2KI reagent (1% Iodine and 2% KI) from Carolina Biological Supply Company per well.After 10 minutes, when test tubes were still in the original environments, solutions in Tube A1 with B1 were mixed and a timer was started. At each 30-second-inteval, a drop of the mixture was released into the well on the test plate until the solution in the plate did not change into dark blue and remained brown, indicating the end of the reaction by sho wing no presence of starch and presence of maltose and glucose. The experiment was repeated on the tubes at other temperatures. Slow reactions were observed and recorded up to 420 seconds due to time limit.Data were pooled from each bench and average and standard deviation were calculated. The data of the control group were also obtained. Results Figure 1 The test plate of iodine test under different temperature. Dark blue wells indicated the presence of starch while the brown ones indicate the completion of starch hydrolysis. (Upper half: 37 °C; Bottom Half: 0 °C) The rate of reaction was fastest at 37 °C (n=4, mean=212. 5s, SD=66. 1s) while the rate of reaction at 22 °C was only slightly less than it (n=4, mean=217. 5s, SD=61. 8s).Though the previous two groups underwent starch hydrolysis relatively fast, the tubes at 100 °C and 0 °C reacted so slowly that it took more than 420 seconds for their completions (time was only recorded before 420s). There was no hydrolysis in the control group. The time of the reaction completions as the function of different temperatures was shown in the table and graph below. The Effects of Temperature| Temperature (? )| Time of Starch Disappearance(s)| | Bench 1| Bench 2| Bench 3| Bench 4| Mean| SD| Control| >420| >420| >420| >420| 420| 0| 0| >420| >420| >420| >420| 420| 0| 2| 210| 210| 300| 150 | 217. 5| 61. 84658| 37| 270| 180| 265| 135 | 212. 5| 66. 14378| 100| >420| >420| >420| >420| 420| 0| Table 1. Time of Starch Disappearance with Porcine Pancreatic ? -Amylase at Different Temperatures (Time was recorded up to 420s). Graph 1. Time of 1% Starch Disappearance with Porcine Pancreatic ? -Amylase as the Function of Different Temperature Discussion and Conclusion As the data obtained from the experiment, all parts of the original hypothesis were confirmed by the result. Temperature plays an important role during the activation of ? amylase that only during certain temperature range can the enzyme function properly to catalyze biochemical reactions. On one hand, at 37 °C the amylase showed the greatest efficiency in catalyze the hydrolysis of starch. At the same time, the amylase also showed considerable catalytic efficiency at 22 °C. But on the other hand, when temperature dropped or rose to extreme value such as 0 °C or 100 °C, the function of amylase was inhibited and such biochemical transformation of substances could hardly process. This result obtained is consistent with the reality that during normal body temperature, regardless of pig or human beings, mylase is able to catalyze the hydrolysis of starch with the highest speed. Therefore, we may conclude that even taken out from where it was found, the amylase still maintain its original biochemical properties. The experiment did not show the biochemical mechanism of the modification from temperature to amylase activity. However, according to the scientific research done by other scientists, a temperature that ranges from 20-50à ‚ °C could make structures including weak interactions, hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridge exist within and stabilize the enzyme molecules to maximize their activities.At the water freezing point (0 °C), the hydrogen bonds are crystallized and become more constrained and less flexible while at high temperature like 100 °C, the bonds consume certain energy to become unstable and fragile, neither of which contribute to the proper functions of amylase (D’Amico et al. , 2003). While the result of the experiment perfectly matched what was expected, however, such conclusion could only be made at qualitative phase and it is obvious that weakness of this experiment existed and prevented the further understanding of amylase at quantitative level.Several modifications to the current experimental designs could be made to enhance its accuracy. Firstly, the sample size needs to be expanded. With only four groups, the data was so limited. As a result, the data had great standard devia tions of more than 60 seconds. Simultaneously, the random errors were at high possibility to take place. Therefore, with the increase of sample size, the data can be more accurate and stabilized and potential random errors could be discarded to ensure the coherence of the data.Furthermore, even though neither the test tube at 0 °C and 100 °C enabled the completions of starch hydrolysis, the reasons of the two groups are not the same. Therefore, in order to detect the reason of the loss of catalytic ability, follow-up experiments need to be practiced. A possible design might be to change the test tubes from 0 °C or 100 °C into 37 °C for another 10 minutes then redo the iodine test to see this time whether the amylase can function well or not.This manipulation will convince the hypothesis about the reason behind the superficial phenomena that was shown in the original experiments and present the difference between denaturing of protein and crystallization of hydrogen bonds. It is important for people to thoroughly understand the amylase activity and all the factors that are potentially capable of influencing such activity through which people can understand how human bodies work as well as the physiology of other organisms. At the same time, the research in amylase activity could potentially bring economical benefits to industrialized starch products manufacturing.And finally, the amylase activity has shown its significance in medical clinical trial that diseases including hyperamylasemia  or hyperamylasuria are proven to be related to the amylase in the human serum and urines (Salt 2nd, 1976). References General Biology BISC 220 Laboratory Manual. (2013). University of Southern California. Lab2, pp33-36. D'Amico, S. , Gerday, C. , ; Feller, G. (2003). Temperature adaptation of proteins: engineering mesophilic-like activity and stability in a cold-adapted ? -amylase. Journal of molecular biology,  332(5), 981-988. Hanes, C.S. (1932). Studies on pla nt amylases: The effect of starch concentration upon the velocity of hydrolysis by the amylase of germinated barley. Biochemical Journal,  26(5), 1406. Marini, I. (2005). Discovering an accessible enzyme: Salivary amylase: Prima digestio fit in ore: A didactic approach for high school students. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education,  33(2), 112-116. Salt 2nd, W. B. , ; Schenker, S. T. E. V. E. N. (1976). Amylase–its clinical significance: a review of the literature. Medicine,  55(4), 269. Siddiqui, Z. S. , & Khan, M. A. 2011). The role of enzyme amylase in two germinating seed morphs of Halopyrum mucronatum (L. ) Stapf. in saline and non-saline environment. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum,  33(4), 1185-1197. Sizer, I. W. (2006). Effects of temperature on enzyme kinetics. Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology, Volume 3, 35-62. Slaughter, S. L. , Ellis, P. R. , & Butterworth, P. J. (2001). An investigation of the action of porcine pancreatic ? -amylase on native and gelatinised starches. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects,  1525(1), 29-36. Bio Lab Report Biology lab report Estimating glucose concentration in solution Done by : Hasan Al-jowder 11E KC Introduction: The purple pink solution of potassium permanganate (MnO4 -) is reduced by glucose to a colourless solution of manganese ions (Mn2+). MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ + 4H2O The time taken for the loss of colour from a standardised solution of permanganate is directly related to the concentration of glucose present in solution. Research question:How does the different concentration of glucose solution which have the same volume affects the time taken for the pink color of the potassium permanganate to turn into colorless? Hypothesis: The higher the concentration of glucose, the shorter time taken for the reduction of potassium permanganate, hence resulting in shorter time taken for the pink color of potassium permanganate to decolorize. This is because the concentration of glucose molecules in glucose solution is high thus more electron are donated to the permanganate within a constant period.Variables: †¢Independent: The concentration of the glucose solution †¢Dependent: The time taken for the pink color of the potassium permanganate to turn into colorless †¢Controlled: Volume/Units Materials list : †¢Eye protection †¢A timer †¢a glass rod †¢a boiling tube and a rack †¢3 beakers †¢3 syringes †¢6 labels †¢glucose solutions (2%,4%,6%,8%,10%,12%) †¢3 solution of unknown glucose concentration (A,B,C) †¢sulphuric acid †¢potassium permanganate Procedure: 1. label your three beakers sulphuric acid PP- for potassium permanganate G- for glucose 2. abel your syringes in the same way. 3. add about 25 cm3 of sulphuric acid and potassium permanganate to the beakers – this will be your stock to use throughout the experiment. note which glucose solution you are testing first. 4. use the correct syringe to place 10 cm3 of the first glucose solution into the boiling tube. 5. add 5 cm3 of sulphuric acid. 6. add 2 cm3 of potassium permanganate and start the clock. 7. stir with a stirring rod and stop the clock as soon as the pink color disappears. 8. record the time and the glucose solution used. . rinse the syringe you used for the glucose solution. 10. repeat using the other glucose solution. 11. repeat for a solution of unknown concentration (A B or C) 12. record your own results and if possible class average results in a table. Table: Glucose concentrationsTime taken to change color 2%1 minute 41 seconds 4%1 minute 13 seconds 6%45 seconds 8%41 seconds 10%35 seconds 12%32 seconds Unknown A48 seconds Unknown B1 minute 13 seconds Unknown C2 minute 56 seconds Graph : conclusion: Evaluation: sources of error= the temperature of the water was not the same with all the concentrations †¢minor inaccuracy in watching the exact time that the color changes absolutely †¢inaccuracy in using the stop watch Reference: https://www. google. com. bh/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=estimating+glu cose+concentration+in+solution+lab+report+hypothesis&oq=estimating+glucose+concentration+in+solution+lab+report+hypothesis&gs_l=hp. 3†¦ 3351. 18905. 1. 19921. 11. 11. 0. 0. 0. 0. 421. 2839. 2-10j0j1. 11. 0†¦ 0. 0†¦ 1c. 1. 7. psy-ab. csPQdc8wzZA&pbx=1&bav=on. 2,or. r_cp. r_qf. &bvm=bv. 44011176,d. d2k&fp=34c3fbe89c60be0d&biw=1366&bih=629

Friday, August 30, 2019

Motivation Can Improve Team Outcomes Essay

After eight weeks of working with a group of six members, the most important learning experience was learning how to use motivation in a group work. Accurately apply motivation can improve team work efficiency and outcomes. This essay will provide a critical thinking about how to use motivation in a group and discuss which aspect need improvement when apply motivation in a group. In this task, will be concentrate on three areas to reflection and analysis about how to apply motivation in a group. They are ‘managing groups and teams’, ‘planning’ and ‘leadership’. From these three areas to disclose some practical experiences, and make these practical experience relate to management theories. The first section is discussed and analysis the special understanding about the stages of group development, why people join a group and how to use motivation impact people join a group. The second section is discuss and analysis planning process, why organization need to setting a clear goal and how setting goal can provide a motivation encourage people work hard and increase work efficiency. The last section is discussing and analysis the activity of leadership and how a good leader through all kinds of methods to create employee’s work motivation and stimulate employees work hard and efficient, help organization achieve goal. From these three section, it will be argued that suitable apply motivation in various management field, will increase our group work efficiency, improve work outcomes, and successful help group completed a high quality work, achieved the group’s high goal. Group already became a really popular work method in recent year. Lots of organisation and government department use team work to complete task, and achieved organisational goal. Team has all kinds of type, such as project team, management team, work team, virtual team and parallel team. Although team have various type, but the project team is the most popular type of team. Project team is include employees who group to solve a specific problems, develop a product, or in some other way focus their energies in a limited time task, when the task completed, the team will be disband (Davidson et al. 2009, p440). Our team work in the eight weeks period is project team, because we are together discuss some problems and solve it, together completed presentation during 8 weeks. When the presentation is completed in week 10, our team would disband. One group’s evolvement need passes through several stages. When the development of group passes through these stages, the group will be disbandment. A well-know model of group development is the sequential-stage theory. In this theory, the group or team develops through some stages of development. The theory’s model clear shows that there have five distinct stages to group development. The five stages are forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. The group development will follow the specifically order to completed (Davidson et al. 2009, p444). Everyone has their own motivation to join a group. Different people have different situation, people have variety of reasons to join a groups and teams. The first stage, forming, provides a platform so that everyone can have an opportunity to join any groups. According to a study by Robbins et al. (2006, p488), ‘Forming is the first stage of group development in which people join the group and then define the group’s purpose, structure and leadership’. So, it can be see that when the group development, the first things is people join the group. Therefore, motivation was occurred at the forming stage, because when people join a group, they usually have some motivations to join that group. Davidson et al. (2009, p442) state that people join groups and teams for a variety reasons, they often have some motivations to join a group. These motivations can be interpersonal attraction, group activities, group values and goals,needs satisfaction and instrumental benefits. From the evidence, it can be clear that when people join a group, they have some motivations. Such as person join a group, that group’s goal with the person’s goal same, and also people join a group because that group can satisfy people’s needs. Bosso (2003, pp399-403) claims that the reason of some organisation fail is because lots of organisational members leave organisation and find a new job in other organisations. Because the original organisation cannot give members lots of benefits, these benefits most are in terms of money. The organisation not has loyal members because it not has motivation to keep original members and attract new members. From the evidence, it can be see that people’s motivation to join an organisation is a really important factor for organisational success. If an organisation not have some special things to attract people, so people will be not join this group, because they are not have motivation to join the organisation. The organisation will be lost lots of talents and ultimately lead to failure. Our group work in week 2, we are also have some motivation to join a group. I am an international student, so I am joined a group have many local students. My motivation to join a group have many local students is because local students have language and cultural advantages, and also we all have a same task goal. This can make my work easier and more easily to achieve my task goals. With local students work together also can improve my English. So, my motivation to join that group is can help me to achieve the task goals and improve my English. We also have same motivation to form that group, the motivation is we are have same task goal. The same motivation make us work more happy and congenial, this can increase our work efficiency. When people work in a group, it also has some motivation to encourage people work more hard and efficient. For example, a group of people climbing a mountain, in this period tethered together can climb only as fast as its slowest member. From that example, the least capable group member tends to work harder than when working individually (Gockel et al. 2008, p1316). From the evidence, it can be see that people work in group, will be have stress to work harder. In a group, have most ability’s member also help other members work, make group work efficient and more easily achieve goal. In eight weeks group work, our group has some stresses to stimulate us work hard, this is a kind of motivation to make us work efficient. Therefore, from these analysis and practice experiences, management needs to clear understand what is people’s motivation to join an organisation then make organisation have some special things to attract talents join the organisation, this can help organisation more easier to success. Manager also needs make employees work in a group, because this can create motivation to encourage employees work hard, improve group work outcomes. Planning is an important part when people do a task. A good planning can directly affect group work efficiency and outcomes. There are at least four reasons to do a planning. Planning provides direction, reduces uncertainty minimises waste and redundancy and sets the standards used in controlling (Robbins et al. 2006, p238). These reasons can significantly reveal planning can give organisational or group’s work brings huge benefits. When manager do a plan, they need clear understand the environmental context. If managers do not understand the environmental context, they are unable to develop efficient plans. Understanding the environment is necessary the first step in planning (Davidson et al. 2009, p238). In an organisation, have many different kinds of plan. Plan generally includes three levels. They are strategic plans, tactical plans and operational plans. Strategic plans are the plans developed to achieve strategic goals. Tactical plans aimed at achieving tactical goals, is developed to implement specific parts of strategic plan. Operational plans focuses on implement tactical plans to achieve operational goals (Davidson et al. 2009, p243). From these kinds of plan, we can find these plans all is use to achieve some goals. So, an organisational goals setting also is a really important part in planning. Organisation setting goals have four important purposes. First, goals provide guidance and a unified direction for people in the organisation. Second purpose is goals can dramatically influence other areas of planning. Third purpose is goals can provide some motivations to employees of the organisation. The final purpose of goals is serving an effective mechanism for evaluation and control (Davidson et al. 2009, p239). These purposes make lots of managers set more suitable goals in organisation. Suitable goals can increase organisational work efficiency. However, from the group experiences that the motivation occurred in the third purpose, goals can provide some motivations to employees of the organisation. For example about athletes, Stratton (2005, p31) states that setting goals can increase athletes’ motivation, these motivations most are athletes internal motivation. These motivations can encourage athletes to develop new skills and strategies to improve performance. The goal can be all kinds of goals. Such as athletes hope become professional athletes or qualifying for the Olympics. When athletes have a goal, they will have motivation to encourage self training hard and improve skills to achieve the goals. Goals not only provide motivation to athletes, it also provides motivation to all kinds of people. Such as organisational employees and university’s students. When people have a goal, they will have motivation to work hard and improve work skills, ultimately achieve the goal. Motivation also occurred our group in week 4, we are doing a planning and setting group goals. When we setting the group’s goal, we decide set a difficult goals. We hope get a high mark in the presentation assessment. A difficult goal motivates our group work hard and improves work skills to increase our work efficiency. Although a goal difficult to achieve can provide a motivation to encourage people work hard thereby improve work efficiency, but if the goal is really difficult to achieve, this will be bring some negative impact to people’s motivation. Even people not have motivation to work. Shalley, Oldham and Porac (1987, pp553-554) argues that individuals who were assigned an easy goal, they will be easier to achieve the goal and not have motivation to work hard. But if the individuals assigned a goal is really difficult, no one can attained the goal, and this also make people not have motivation to work hard. Form the evidence, it can be see that if the people’s goals too easy or difficult, they will be not have motivation to work hard and improve work efficiency. Because the really easy goal people can easier to achieved, they do not need work hard, but if the goal is really difficult, nobody can attained it, people will think they cannot achieve the goal, then give up it and not have motivation to work. In our group, although we are decide the goal is difficult to achievement, but the goal is not too difficult, because this assessment not hard, we can through work hard and improve work skills to achieve the goal, get a high mark. From analysis these theories and relate practice experiences in group, manager should do a good planning and carefully setting goals in organisation, because a good planning can make organisation work have a logical structure and a suitable goal can provide motivation to employees, encourage employees work harder, thereby improve organisational work efficiency. Leadership is a really important part in management, most organisation attain success the leadership is the necessary factor. A good leadership can make organisation more solidarity, have a logical structure to work, thereby improve organisational work efficiency. Although Management and leadership have some relations, but leadership is not similar managership. Manager and leader have some basic distinctions. Managers are focus on accomplish goal, through planning, organising and controlling to make organisation achieve orderly results. Leaders are focus on influence, through guide in direction, uild commitment and convince others of a vision to change organisation, make organisation work more effective, and improve organisation outcomes. Some of the basic distinction between leadership and management conclude for four main activities. The four main activities are creating an agenda, developing a human network for achieving the agenda, executing plans and outcomes (Davidson et al. 2009, pp351-352). However, one leader’s behaviour can significantly impact employees work situation and efficiency. Different leader have different attitude about how to affect an organisation work. They are using all kinds of method to change group work situation, increase group work efficiency, make group better, and ultimately help group achieve goals. Motivation is a really important method when leader lead a group work, they often use motivation to encourage employees work hard, thereby improve group work efficiency. Leader can apply all kinds of method to provide motivation to encourage employees work. Such as reward, when employee perfect completed a task and only use a little bit time to achieved group’s goal, the leader will be give the employee some rewards. These rewards can motivate other employees work hard because employees will think if they perfect complete the task, they also can get reward. Leaders’ behaviour can direct impact employees’ work motivation, may be some smalls behaviours also can make employees have motivation to work hard, such as daily communication. Jamail (2009, p13) states that, in everyday’s morning, when leader go to the office, walk around and talk to every person, try to remember every person’s name and know their work situation, pump up employees, these can make employees have motivation to work hard and improve their work efficiency. From this evidence, it can be see that some small behaviours of leader also can affect employees work efficiency. In everyday’s work, leader only needs to spend some times to communicate with their employees, pump up employees, know their work situation and help them solve some problems. These can make employees think their leader regard them, is a good leader and have confidence to complete a good work. So, employees will be having motivation to work hard. Therefore, leader can through communication to know employees’ work situation and provide motivation to employees, encourage employees to work hard and improve group outcomes. Leader through daily communication to provide employees’ work motivation, the motivation language also is an important method to motivate employees work hard. Mayfield (2009, p9) argues that a high level of motivation language can significantly improved employee performance, increase employee’s work efficiency. Such as empathetic speech, when employee does a hard task, the leader can talk to this employee â€Å"you can do it†, these can make the employee have confidence to do the task, thereby motivate employee work hard and more effective. When employee completed a task, leader also can say â€Å"Good job†, this also can make the employee have confidences to do other tasks, improve the employee’s work motivation. In our group, we have a serious problem. Our group not has a clear leadership, we do not decide who is our group’s leader. When we work together, our group has a member really lazy, she didn’t work hard. But our group not have a leader, nobody to monitor the member work and also nobody to provide motivation to the member encourage she work hard. So, that dramatically affected our group work efficiency, postpone our group’s work progress. Through the group experiences and management theories, leader is really important to a group, because group leader can through daily communication and motivation language to provide motivation to their employees, encourage employees work hard and increase work efficiency, thereby improve group outcomes. In conclusion, it can be concluding that motivation is a really important part in management. It can occur in all kinds of management theories. Through 8 weeks group work, find motivation occurs in people form a group, setting group goal and planning and leader change a group. Manager need clear to understand what are people’s motivations to join a group, and make group have charm to attract talent join. These can help group success. Managers also need make employees work in a group, because work in a group can have some stresses to motivate employees work hard, improve organisation outcomes. If manager want their group work effective, they can setting a suitable group goals. Suitable group goals can motivate group work hard. Manager also need make group have a leader, because group leader can use daily communication and motivation language to provide motivation to members, encourage group members’ work hard and improve group outcomes. Therefore, manager clear understand motivation and accurate use motivation can directly improve group outcomes.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

International Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

International Finance - Assignment Example The economy of Thailand is still in its nascent stage. The managed floating rate of exchange along with the Inflation Targeting framework has worked well for the country under consideration. The flexibility in the exchange rate helps the economy in absorbing shocks. With the adoption of the above exchange rate, Thai Baht moves in line with the economic fundamental. It was seen that the Baht/US dollar exchange rate have fluctuated widely from 36-56 Baht/US dollar. But the exchange rate in the past few years. Blades Inc. wants to import many raw materials like plastic and/or rubber from Thailand. This would enable Blades to import them at much cheaper rate. Hence this would enable Blades Inc. to lower the cost of goods sold. Thailand is a weak economy and they are recovering from the effects which results in lower cost of goods. Importing from Thailand will help Blades Inc. in establishing long term relationship with the Thai suppliers. The company will definitely want to build a long term relationship so that they can make agreements with the suppliers in importing the costs at low prices. Blades Inc. by importing raw materials from Thailand will help achieve economies of scale in the production process such that it enjoys special advantages from them. Again by achieving specialization in production efficiency, Blades Inc. will be able to achieve economies of scale and which will in turn lead to lower cost of the products. This will in turn increase the net income of Blades, Inc. With increase in sales, Blades, Inc. will have an impact on profitability together with lowering the unit costs. Blades, Inc. will be able to sell roller blades in Thailand as the first firm. This will help the company to penetrate Thai market and thus they will be able to earn more profit for the company. If a situation comes where the US roller blades is saturated then exports in other countries will provide more opportunities

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Pick an international event (from any time period) and apply either Research Paper

Pick an international event (from any time period) and apply either the systemic or domestic level of analysis to that event. In - Research Paper Example The paper aims at providing an intensive review of the historical validity and impacts of the WWI on United States history. Discussion The First World War occurred between 1914 and 1919 and was an intensively bloody war with massive life losses and minimal ground lost. Mainly fighters in trenches fought the war, and it led to approximated ten million or more militants dead and approximately 21 million more wounded. While various nations hoped that the war would be crucial to put a stop to all other wars, in the real sense, the culminating peace agreement set the pace for the Second World War (Dutton 98). The First World War destroyed various empires and weakened others. For instance, the Russian Revolution of 1917 following the regime of Czarist collapse, which ended in the seizure of the authority by Bolsheviks. With the overthrow of the military group in 1918, the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman kingdoms declined, whereas Germany substituted the administration of Kaiser with the natio n of Weimar. New nation states including Poland, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia emerged from formers empires (Protess, Callaway and Vernon 234). Consequently, victory for the allies of the Europe nations came at an increased price. They owed more than $12 billion to the U.S, which was endorsed from a former net defaulter to a higher status (net creditor). In addition, New York City substituted London as the international economic headquarter. Additionally, the European allies experienced high demands for self-rule mainly from their colonies. Similarly, European allies lost control over sufficient economic and military resources to shape global affairs as before. Near the culmination of the WW1, Japan and USA joined the leading nations at the 1919 Unity charter, in Paris, together with other nations such as France, UK and Italy, with the president of the USA, Woodrow Wilson taking a central role. The president formed the League of Nations a fundamental part of the Versailles Treaty wi th Germany (Gracia 104). The U.S and the allies, failed to acknowledge the government of Bolsheviks in Russia, and consequently, exempted the Soviet Union from Paris. In addition, Wilson strived for maintenance of unity and cooperation that would preserve industrialist and democratic countries. Reinforcing the principle of self-determination at national level, Wilson summoned the post war (aftermath) league of nations to offer a collective security to all its members. Further, he expected the national league, under the leadership of Americans, to protect the political independence and territorial integrity of its members, against external hostility, and, therefore, preserve the peace (Keene 248). Americans reacted against Woodrow Wilson’s firm wartime leadership, for instance, the elections in 1918 reduced Democrats to the inferior (minority) in congress. Moreover, after the crisis, with the removal of policies and rules by wartime organizations, the U.S suffered intensive ec onomic upturn, inflation, and labor go-slows. The Expeditionary Forces of America returned from France and rapidly demoralized. In addition, the Congress, with the 1920 National Defense Act, reduced the American army to almost its pre-war level. Rapid disbursement and restructuring led to social strife in the U.S in early 1918 and 1921. Irrespective of the wartime loyalty, numerous Americans such as black American were mainly the critical victims of

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Amazing Grace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Amazing Grace - Essay Example Ideology is the beliefs, values and ideals of a certain group of people. Beliefs often tie in closely with the daily concerns of domestic life, such as making a living, health and sickness, happiness and sadness, interpersonal relationships, and death; values tell them the differences between right and wrong or good and bad while deals serve as models for what people hope to achieve in life (Bodley 1). Religion is under man’s belief. It never fails to give man something that he can cling on to, a divine power which somehow renews his spirit amidst all the cruelty and ugliness of reality. This story of faith is very evident in the book, depicting the people’s awe-inspiring belief in God in every person’s life. The Church in this story was the only symbol of something beautiful – free from gun shots and decay – embracing them and keeping them away from the hardships and darkness that society brings them. People are still somehow drawn to the church be cause it is a place of escape and hope for something better. Kozol talked to Reverend Overland, a lady who gave up her promising career as a lawyer just to help and educate these unfortunate souls, said that I her observations, the people in Bronx are â€Å"more religious than those across the river. They are too concerned with money and power to worry about faith". This revelation is contrary to the white ideas that there could be no one more morally right that we. The strong grip on faith that this society has helps the children keep some light in their eyes, the mothers with some hope for the future, and the drug dealers with some hope of forgiveness (Miller 1). Religion and people’s belief and faith in the divine somehow was one of the â€Å"life-support systems† that this people have as enforced by individuals such as Reverend Overland. Religion has obviously helped the people cope up as they difficultly live each

Monday, August 26, 2019

International Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

International Human Resource Management - Essay Example As the paper declares an international organisation can only perform effectively through interactions with the broader external environment of which it is part. The structure and function ¬ing of the international organisation must reflect, therefore, the nature of the environment in which it is operating. Factors such as uncertain economic conditions, fierce world competition, the level of government intervention, scarcity of natural resources and rapid developments in new technology create an increasingly volatile environment. As the essay stresses contemporary developments show that IHRM is that part of the process of management that is concerned with the maintenance of human relationships and ensuring the physical well being of employees so that they give the maximum contribution to efficient working. Another contemporary development is called strategic IHRM. It â€Å"encompasses a strategic perspective and use their framework as a contemporary description of HRM†. Effective leadership should ensure human resources policy is adhered to and department activities are successfully carried out. It is essential that every manager and supervisor is aware of the principles of IHRM. International human resources management is vulnerable to a greater extent if its work can be devolved back to other national managers. In the light of these developments it is not surprising to find many theories which attempt to outline and explain cultural similarities and differences among societies. 2. The current state of the IHRM is described (Barham, Conway 1998) as homogeneity, which have obscured the real challenge of managing across cultures in the world. It is unlikely there will ever be a truly single homogeneous HR in the European HRM in the sense of there being a single, homogeneous culture. While this has led to some to argue that the proposed benefits of the IHRM greater opportunities for achieving economy of scale, improve efficiency and stimulate innovation can never truly be realised, they are perhaps missing the point. The cultural diversity need not be considered as a barrier to achieving wide objectives, but a facilitator of achieving

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Explore the benifits and chalenges o conducting multi-paradiam Essay

Explore the benifits and chalenges o conducting multi-paradiam research - Essay Example Thomas Kuhn, who is known for the discussing of meaning ‘paradigm’ in his famous book  The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, characterized paradigm as â€Å"an integrated cluster of substantive concepts, variables and problems attached with corresponding methodological approaches and tools†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  (p.43).  Kuhn also specified the questions, which should be clarified within a paradigm to consider it as a valid base for a scientific research. A paradigm has to define what should be studied, what question and how should be asked, and also, which rules the researcher should follow to interpret obtained results. The notion of paradigm considers as the broadest unit of consensus, which serves to differentiate one scientific community from another. It appears to be a set of principles and axioms that relates to research process on the stage of assessment of a problem up to its solution.  Paradigms define and correlate theories, methods and instruments, accept ed within a scientific research. Analyzing the main paradigms, dominating in modern science, such as positivism, post positivism, critical theory, and constructivism, Guba and Lincoln (1994), represented their opinion about the role of paradigms, their assumptions, and the implications of those assumptions for research. â€Å"Paradigms define for the [researcher] what it is they are about, and what falls within and outside the limits of legitimate [research]† (Guba and Lincoln, 1994, p. 108). The authors states that the basic beliefs that define a particular research paradigm may be summarized by the responses given to three fundamental questions: the ontological question (what is the form and nature of reality), the epistemological question (what is the nature of the relationship between a researcher and the object of research), and the methodological question (how can the inquirer go about finding out whatever he/ she believes can be known)  (pp. 105-117). From this aspec t, we will analyze some of the well- known paradigms such as positivism and critical theory. Positivism. French philosopher August Comte (1798–1857) was the initiator of positivist paradigm, based on the philosophical ideas of observation and reasoning as the main ways of understanding reality and human behavior. According to August Comte, true knowledge is based on experience of senses and can be obtained by observation and experiment. Positivistic thinkers adopted his scientific method for knowledge generation. The main postulates of the positivist paradigm consist in understanding of nature as an objective, true reality, which is governed by unchangeable natural laws. Nature has its stable, pre-existing patterns and order that can be discovered. Positivism considers human nature to be described from the behaviorist approach, asserting the external factors play the main role in the formation of the similar specific behavior of everyone, who has been influenced the same obje ctive factors. Accurate and certain, knowledge should be described in a systematic way, and verify hypotheses that can be regarded as facts or laws. The role of research is uncovering the natural laws of reality, scientifically explaining, predicting and controlling phenomena. A researcher have to be objective, independent from influencing the subject of research, and eliminate any bias or subjective values within research. The main methods of research are empirical and experimental, structured observation, quantification or measurement. The results of research consider true, if

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 - Essay Example The event is of tremendous strategic importance for it had great impact on shaping international relation, foreign and economic policies and also affected both countries on a sociological front. The essay will analyze the significance and the magnitude of its impact that on global politics. Cuban Missile Crisis I. Background Cuban Missile Crisis was just another outcome of the Cold War that existed between the two superpowers of that time, Unites States and Soviet Union. However, the crises were mainly after the liberation of Cuba by Fidel Castro. 1The United States were already ambivalent about their involvement in Cuban politics and were particularly happy about the coup held by Castro but soon enough, the Cuban leader fell out of favor with the Americans for his alliance with the Soviet Union and the Americans began to fear the formation of one more communist nation. Cuba’s associations with the communist bloc were feared by then president Richard Nixon in confidential memo randums issued for the CIA. Cuba was declared a socialist nation by Fidel Castro on 1st May, 1961 and its affiliation with the communist bloc was further consolidated. ... Therefore, the tension between Cuba and America intensified ever since and the situation became even worse when the American intelligence began intercepting messages and satellite pictures showed establishments of arm bases around the island nation. In 1962, the United States established military bases in Turkey armed with Nuclear Missiles that were clearly meant to keep Soviet activity at bay. 3This move was defended by the United States as precaution against the military bases in Cuba that were quickly becoming a rising threat for the Americans. One of the biggest turning points preceding the main crises were the alleged training of 1300 Cuban exiles by the CIA in order to stage a coup against the Castro regime. However, this particular move by Americans led to a conflict in the Bay of Pigs that ended up in a major fiasco for the American side and subsequently shamed the entire American intelligence and the president in front of the whole world. Therefore, in 14th October 1962 the Soviets granted full arms support to Cuba against any further threats by the United States and so there were satellite images found by American intelligence that showed missile sites around Cuba that had missiles pointing towards every single major town in the United States. President Kennedy was forced to issue a public announcement acknowledging and admitting to the immediate threat that the entire country was now under and therefore, these small conflicts had now eventually been turned into one major crises situation that brought the world to the brink of nuclear annihilation. II. Game Theory and Cuban Missile Crisis Considering the initial premise of the crisis, the entire event has been described by scholars as both sides had completely turned a blind side to

Healthcare Administration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Healthcare Administration - Research Paper Example In fact, large amount of medical research breakthroughs take place in Academic Health Centers. These consequently result in clinical benefits and philanthropy towards the patients. Let us look at some of the famous Academic Health Centers in the World. 1. The Association of Academic Health Centers (AAHC) is one of the foremost associations of Academic Health Centers. It is a nonprofit organization, and consists of allopathic and osteopathic medical school. The AAHC contributes variously to the education system of the different countries. AAHC is vital for generation of newer ideas, concepts and therapies. It is responsible for original centers of innovation and benefit mankind on a large scale. 2. The Biomedical Research Centre at Bethlem Hospital, London, has majorly paced the research facilities at the institute. They’ve sought some ‘personalized medicine’ that has been a medical breakthrough in psychological medical history. 3. Centre for Rural Health, South Africa, undertakes research activities that are pertaining to the regional ailments; it was started off way back in 1980’s. However, today it has spread to a large number of countries, due to the efforts of its academic health centre. Ans 2. Telemedicine is a largely popular form of clinical medicine; to make the process of medicine audio-visual and also convenient for many to use. Telemedicine is a process of two professionals discussing the possibilities of a case over a telephonic conference. Telemedicine is of great benefit to remote communities who have scarce resources of finding adequate medical help at the right time. In fact, telemedicine is now rapidly replacing many technologies like Doctor-on-Wheels, due to its immensely beneficial results that it has cropped up with. Telemedicine can provide for accurate diagnosis as well as accurate examinations of the various techniques of medicine on a patient in a very efficient manner. In many of the